Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology

Chair: Jason Ingram, Ph.D., (936) 294-1698

For questions about our Undergraduate Programs, contact:

Dr. Javier Ramos, Director of Undergraduate Programs, 936-294-4361

Website: Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology

About

Be a part of one of the highest ranked Criminal Justice and Criminology programs in the nation! Sam Houston State University’s Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology is one of the largest and most prestigious criminal justice programs in the nation.

Our faculty are among the most productive researchers in the country and provide foundational courses you need for careers in criminal justice as well as many related fields. Students can focus on careers in the criminal justice system, including police, corrections, and law. Our goals are to provide a strong foundation for students to not only gain employment after graduation but to also enjoy long and successful careers.  Students will also be prepared to earn graduate degrees. In 2025, U.S. News & World Report rated our online Master's degree programs #4 in the United States for Criminal Justice. Students can continue their education as a criminal justice researcher by exploring one of our Master's or Ph.D. programs.  

You have a bright future at SHSU! The opportunities in our department are endless with flexible course offerings to fit your schedule:

  • Recruiters from criminal justice agencies and organizations visit the center on a regular basis.
  • Students receive real world experience by participating in agency tours, internships, and regional/national conferences.
  • Courses are offered online, daytime, and in the evening.

Mission

The Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology is committed to conducting high quality research that will enhance the knowledge base among our student population and criminal justice agencies throughout the country and abroad as well as the broader discipline. Student competencies are guided by an increased understanding of the role of criminal justice professionals and research that underlies effective policy and practice. The Department is strongly committed to the provision of public service through applied research and related efforts with criminal justice agencies and community organizations.

Suggested Minors:

  • Communication Studies
  • Computer Science
  • Criminal Justice and Social Identity
  • Crime Analysis and Mapping
  • Foreign Language
  • Forensic Science
  • General Business
  • Information Assurance
  • Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Security Studies 

Career Opportunities

  • Police Agencies - Federal, State, County, Municipal
  • Correctional Agencies - Jails, Prisons
  • Crime Analyst
  • Immigration/Customs Enforcement
  • Border Patrol
  • Drug Enforcement
  • Probation
  • Parole
  • Family/Child Protective Services 
  • Correctional Advisor/Counselor
  • Game Warden
  • Military Police and Intelligence
  • Higher Education (Professor)

Curriculum

Sam Houston State University is authorized by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board to offer a Bachelor of Arts degree and a Bachelor of Science degree with a major in Criminal Justice. Coursework for these degrees is offered in the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology. The prefix designation for registration purposes is “CRIJ."

Program Specific Requirements

Please see the individual degree plans for degree specific requirements.

Criminal Justice Core
CRIJ 2361Introduction To The Criminal Justice System3
CRIJ 2362Criminology3
CRIJ 2364Fundamentals Of Criminal Law3
CRIJ 2365Correctional Systems and Practice3
CRIJ 2367Police Systems & Practices3
CRIJ 3378Introduction To Methods Of Research3
VCST 3350Victimology3
Total Hours21
Major (no Minor)
Core Courses24
Criminal Justice Advanced Electives24
Total Hours48
Major (With Approved Minor in Another Field)
Core Courses24
Criminal Justice Electives12-15
Minor18
Total Hours54-57

Student Organizations and Activities

  • Alpha Phi Sigma National Criminal Justice Honor Society
  • Lambda Alpha Epsilon Criminal Justice Association
  • National Association of Blacks in Criminal Justice
  • National Organization of Hispanics in Criminal Justice
  • Phi Alpha Delta Pre-Law Society

Attend some of the many events for students including special guest lecturers at Real Talk with CJ, a career fair, an undergraduate conference, and mock courtroom trials.

Internships

An integral part of all degree offerings is the opportunity for field placement experience. The College of Criminal Justice Internship Program is designed to provide students valuable work experience, on-the-job training, and an opportunity to develop a professional networking base for the future. Students in this program are offered unparalleled opportunities to participate in one of the nation's leading internship programs in the field of criminal justice.

Scholarships

Scholarships are available to criminal justice majors and awarded in the spring of each year at the College of Criminal Justice Honors Convocation for the following academic year.  With the exception of incoming freshmen scholarships, a student must have completed at least one long semester at Sam Houston State University. Information on specific scholarships available in the College of Criminal Justice are available through Jackie Chavarria at (936) 294-3755.

Criminal Justice (CRIJ)

CRIJ 2361. Introduction To The Criminal Justice System. 3 Hours. [TCCN: CRIJ 1301]

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 261); An introductory course designed to familiarize students with the facets of the criminal justice system, including the processing of offenders, punishment and its alternatives, and the future of the criminal justice system.

CRIJ 2362. Criminology. 3 Hours. [TCCN: CRIJ 1307]

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 262); An introductory course designed to familiarize students with the scientific field of criminology. Students cover the nature and extent of criminal behavior; past and present theories for crime and delinquency; and the evaluation of prevention, control, and treatment programs.

CRIJ 2364. Fundamentals Of Criminal Law. 3 Hours. [TCCN: CRIJ 1310]

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 264); A course in substantive criminal law which includes the definition of law, definition of crime, general principles of criminal responsibility, elements of major crimes, punishments, conditions or circumstances which may excuse criminal responsibility, the court system, and the basic concepts of criminal law with an emphasis on the penal law of the State of Texas.

CRIJ 2365. Correctional Systems and Practice. 3 Hours. [TCCN: CRIJ 2313]

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 265); Students are provided with an overview and evaluation of contemporary correctional systems and a discussion of recent research concerning correctional institutions and various field services.

CRIJ 2367. Police Systems & Practices. 3 Hours. [TCCN: CRIJ 2328]

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 267); Students cover the philosophy and history of law enforcement in the United States; limitations imposed on law enforcement in a democratic society in accordance with the United States Constitution; agencies of law enforcement; and the role and place of law enforcement in the justice process.

CRIJ 2368. Criminal Investigation. 3 Hours.

Students are provided with a brief overview of the science behind crime detection and a detailed discussion of techniques used for case management and documentation, the concept of proof, the impact of emergent technology on the investigative process, interacting with victims and witnesses, and interviewing suspects. A particular emphasis is placed on the investigation of particular types of crimes including homicides, sex offenses, child abuse, and hate crimes. .
Prerequisite: CRIJ 2367 or consent of instructor.

CRIJ 2394. Courts And Criminal Procedure. 3 Hours.

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 294); Students examine procedural requirements for judicial processing of criminal offenders, including concepts of evidence sufficiency, standards of proof, due process, and constitutional safeguards.

CRIJ 3338. Introduction to Police Personnel Management. 3 Hours.

Students will gain a foundational understanding of recruitment, selection, training, performance evaluation, discipline, and labor relations within law enforcement agencies. Students will explore theories and application practices for future roles in police administration and management.

CRIJ 3339. History of the Criminal Justice System. 3 Hours.

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 339); Students explore the major social, economic, legal and political events that have contributed to the formation of the criminal justice system in the United States. Emphasis is on the common roots of the different components of the present system.
Prerequisite: CRIJ 2361 .

CRIJ 3340. Gender and Crime. 3 Hours.

Students investigate definitions of gender, gender roles, and how gender impacts offending, victimization, and criminal justice processing. The influence of gender on working in the criminal justice system as professionals is evaluated. In addition, criminological theories are evaluated in light of gender and the relationship between gender and the criminal justice system.
Prerequisite: CRIJ 2361 and CRIJ 2362.

CRIJ 3361. Comparative Criminal Justice Systems. 3 Hours.

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 361); Students study criminal justice in societies other than the United States, including, but not limited to, the European, Asian, and African regions. Emphasis is on the uncommon roots of criminal justice in these regions and the effectiveness of such systems in responding to criminal behavior.
Prerequisite: CRIJ 2361 and CRIJ 2362.

CRIJ 3362. White Collar Crime. 3 Hours.

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 362); Students analyze the ideas and perspectives that are dominant in the fields of criminal justice and criminology on white-collar crime. Topics such as organizational crime, occupational crime, legislation aimed at white collar crime, law enforcement, causes of white-collar crime, and possible forms of intervention are discussed.
Prerequisite: CRIJ 2361 and CRIJ 2362.

CRIJ 3363. Violent Offenders. 3 Hours.

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 363); Students examine the psychological and behavioral characteristics of the most violent criminal types. The course will cover many topics of criminality, violence, and their causes and will introduce students to the behavioral and psychological issues relevant for understanding, assessing, and managing abnormal criminal behavior. Topics may include sanity, psychopathy, criminal profiling, mental disorders, gangs, serial killers, stalking, women who kill, threat assessment, and/or collective violence.
Prerequisite: CRIJ 2361 or CRIJ 2362 .

CRIJ 3364. Special Offenders and Special Needs. 3 Hours.

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 364); Students engage in the identification and study of special or unusual offenders with special or unusual needs. Special offenders include those who are rarely covered in standard criminology classes, such as wildlife poachers, serial killers, computer hackers, substance abusers, and business and professional scam artists.
Prerequisite: CRIJ 2361 and CRIJ 2362 .

CRIJ 3368. Understanding Sexual Offending. 3 Hours.

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 368); Students are provided with an overview of the sexual offender. The origins and various motivations for sexual offending are explored as well as the treatment strategies and their relative effectiveness with different offender groups. Various approaches to community supervision are examined as are controversial issues such as castration of sex offenders.
Prerequisite: CRIJ 2361 or CRIJ 2362 .

CRIJ 3370. Human Trafficking. 3 Hours.

Students learn the history of human trafficking, anti-trafficking enforcement efforts, theories of human trafficking, and legislation. Students gain a comprehensive understanding of the issue of human trafficking and responses by the criminal justice system to prevent and monitor this form of crime.

CRIJ 3372. Foundations of Crime Analysis. 3 Hours.

Students learn about the discipline of crime analysis and how this approach is commonly used in local, state, and federal law enforcement. Students gain an understanding of the foundations of crime analysis as it relates to the profession and the role analysts play in criminal investigations and surveillance.

CRIJ 3374. Community Corrections. 3 Hours.

Students learn techniques and procedures utilized in the supervision of adults and juveniles on probation and parole, and other residents of community-based corrections facilities. Students also learn about the practical problems confronting probation, parole, and other community-based corrections officers. Prerequisites CRIJ 2361 and CRIJ 2365.

CRIJ 3378. Introduction To Methods Of Research. 3 Hours.

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 378); Students are introduced to the scientific approach to understanding the social world, the relation between theory and research, research design, and data collection. This course is designed to help students gain an understanding of the research process involved in examining criminal justice issues.

CRIJ 3390. Contemporary Issues in Police Management. 3 Hours.

Students gain an understanding of complex management issues for law enforcement agencies. Through case studies and lectures, students explore key issues such as leadership, organizational culture, community relations, diversity, technology, and accountability. Students develop the critical thinking skills necessary to understand and address the complexities of managing modern police organizations.

CRIJ 3394. Global Terrorism and Homeland Security. 3 Hours.

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 394); Students are provided with an overview of the field of terrorism. Using a multi-dimensional approach that draws from international relations, law, and police strategies, an emphasis is placed on research and analysis. Students also gain the ability to examine and scrutinize international strategies aimed at reducing terrorist incidents.
Prerequisite: CRIJ 2361 or CRIJ 2362 .

CRIJ 3396. Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice. 3 Hours.

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 396); Students cover the nature and extent of delinquency, explanatory models and theories for delinquent behavior, the juvenile justice system, juvenile court practices and procedures, and the role of the police officer and correctional officer when dealing with juvenile youths.

CRIJ 4073. Undergraduate Internship in Criminal Justice. 1-12 Hours.

Students complete a minimum of three months in an approved criminal justice or social agency setting taken preferably between junior and senior years. The course is designed to provide the student with an opportunity to apply academic learning in practical situations. See the College's Internship Coordinator for details about this program. Variable Credit (1 to 12). Course Equivalents: CRIJ 4373 .

CRIJ 4330. Law And Society. 3 Hours.

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 430); Students explore the nature, functions, limitations and objectives of law; civil procedure; civil law and selected social problems; for example, abortion and euthanasia; the civil courts; the grand jury and petit jury; torts; civil liability for police and correctional officers; and family law.

CRIJ 4332. Legal Aspects Of Corrections. 3 Hours.

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 432); Students explore legal problems from conviction to release; pre-sentence investigations, sentencing, probation and parole; incarceration; loss and restoration of civil rights with an emphasis on practical legal problems confronting the probation and parole office and the correctional administrator.

CRIJ 4336. Understanding Human Behavior. 3 Hours.

Students examine underlying influences that affect human behavior, including biological, cultural, psychological, and social factors. Students will explore a wide range of influences that contribute to personality development and social behaviors commonly observed in the criminal justice system.

CRIJ 4360. Crime And The Media. 3 Hours.

(Prior SH course id: CJ 460); Students survey the connections between the mass media, crime, and criminal justice; explore how the criminal justice system, criminals, and crime are portrayed in film, TV drama, and news media; and examine how the media reflect our collective perceptions of crime, violence, and victimization as well as shape attitudes toward crime.

CRIJ 4362. Substance Use And Abuse. 3 Hours.

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 462); Students engage in the description, classification, and analysis of the causes and correlates of substance use problems.

CRIJ 4363. Cybercrime. 3 Hours.

A seminar in which students focus on topics related to cybercrime, including legal, enforcement, behavioral, and social factors that influence its perpetration, prevention, and prosecution.
Prerequisite: Junior/Senior standing .

CRIJ 4365. Professionalism and Ethics In Criminal Justice. 3 Hours.

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 465); Students study the theories and practices in areas of legality, morality, values, and ethics as they pertain to criminal justice. Topics may include police corruption, brutality, and methods of dealing with such practices as well as the concept of profession and professional conduct.

CRIJ 4367. Correctional Strategies. 3 Hours.

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 467); This course examines treatment options in both institutional and field corrections settings. There is a focus on special populations, including mental health populations and their treatment, aging in prison, women, HIV populations, and issues surrounding race and ethnicity.
Prerequisite: Junior Standing and CRIJ 2365 .

CRIJ 4368. Global Organized Crime. 3 Hours.

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 468); Students examine the evolution and development of global and transnational organized crime. Various theories that explain the existence of organized crime around the world are examined in addition to a survey of how global organized crime groups have adapted to the 21st century, barriers to international police cooperation, the impact of failed states, civil war and corruption, and the modern relationship between organized crime and terrorists groups.

CRIJ 4374. Philosophy of Crime & Justice. 3 Hours.

Students examine foundations of the American criminal justice system, considering questions such as: is there a moral justification of punishment; what basic principles guide law enforcement in practice; how did these principles come to be in place; and how do they connect to the moral and political ideals on which the country was founded? Students critically engage with philosophical, legal, sociological, and historical resources.

CRIJ 4376. Independent Studies in Criminal Justice. 1-3 Hours.

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 476); This course is designed for advanced criminal justice and criminology students who are capable of rigorous independent study. Registration upon approval of the appropriate Assistant Dean of the College of Criminal Justice and the instructor directing the course. Credit to be arranged.

CRIJ 4377. Special Topics In Criminal Justice. 3 Hours.

This course is designed to give advanced undergraduate students academic flexibility. May be repeated for credit.

CRIJ 4382. Social Deviance. 3 Hours.

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 482); Students study the psychological and sociological aspects of socially deviant behavior and theoretical overviews and implications for social control and social policy.

CRIJ 4384. Police Strategies. 3 Hours.

Students analyze police policies with particular attention to the current major problem areas from the point of view of both the administrator and the line operations officer with an integration of established scientific knowledge with practical police experience in the various areas of police functioning.
Prerequisite: CRIJ 2367 .

CRIJ 4385. Criminal Justice and Social Dynamics. 3 Hours.

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 485); Students will explore how social factors shape the study of crime and the administration of justice. Attention is given to examining patterns of criminal offending, victimization, and criminal justice processing across different population groups, as well as possible explanations for these patterns. Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of individual experiences at various stages of the justice system (e.g., policing, courts, corrections).
Prerequisite: Senior standing .

CRIJ 4386. Problem Analysis In Criminal Justice. 3 Hours.

(SH Prior Course ID: CJ 486); This course serves as a capstone for the Criminal Justice undergraduate students. Students use skills and knowledge from prior courses to address challenges facing the criminal justice system with a focus placed on application of research skills and analytic techniques to address these issues. Students conduct basic research to recommend criminal justice policy.
Prerequisite: Senior Standing, CRIJ 3378 and STAT 3379 or equivalent .

CRIJ 4387. Multiculturalism in Criminal Justice. 3 Hours.

Students explore the goals, benefits, and challenges of multiculturalism in the criminal justice system. Topics may include the experiences of marginalized groups including African Americans, Latinx Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, women, the LGBT community, the elderly, and youth within the criminal justice system. Emphasis is also placed on multiculturalism within the workforce. Training tools and policy recommendations are offered and discussed.

CRIJ 4394. Constitutional Issues In Law Enforcement. 3 Hours.

Students focus on the intersection of the U.S. Constitution and the criminal justice system. Laws that govern policing are primarily based upon the United States Constitution, United States Supreme Court decisions, and statutes passed by the United States Congress and state legislatures. Major decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court serve as the core resource, including those addressing Fourth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment governmental authority issues. Although a focus is placed on these resources, the material is presented in a format and in a language designed to meet the needs and interests of non-lawyers, while preserving the meaning and content of the law as interpreted by the courts. Emphasis is placed on development of analytical reasoning skills through the case study method.

Criminal Justice Comp Based (CJCB)

CJCB 3100. Reasoning and Judgment in Criminal Justice. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate professional reasoning and judgment in criminal justice contexts, with emphasis on decision-making in complex situations involving competing demands. Focus may be placed on applying science-based frameworks and integrating organizational policies, laws, and professional standards to guide practice. Topics may include ethical reasoning, accountability, and leadership under high-pressure conditions.

CJCB 3101. Legal Compliance in Criminal Justice. 1 Hour.

Students examine constitutional and legal requirements that guide criminal justice practice, with emphasis on due process and the protection of human rights. Focus may be placed on analyzing inequities affecting specific groups, evaluating procedures for alignment with constitutional standards, and evaluating frameworks that support compliance with legal and regulatory mandates. Topics may include the integration of legal compliance, organizational accountability, and operational effectiveness.

CJCB 3102. Problem Solving and Growth Mindsets in Criminal Justice. 1 Hour.

Students cultivate a growth mindset and problem-solving skill for criminal justice practice. Students analyze complex organizational challenges, apply structured methodologies and implementation science tools, and design evidence-based solutions. Course may emphasize strategic planning, resource allocation, and decision-making effectiveness while examining how organizational cultural and contextual factors influence organizational change in criminal justice systems.

CJCB 3103. Critical Thinking Under Pressure in Criminal Justice. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate critical thinking in criminal justice practice with emphasis on high-pressure and complex environments. Focus may be placed on analyzing evidence, applying logical reasoning, and considering structured approaches to decision-making under time-sensitive conditions. Attention may be given to maintaining clarity, managing stress, and sustaining professional judgment in crisis situations.

CJCB 3104. Purposes of Punishment. 1 Hour.

Students examine the evolving purposes of punishment in modern criminal justice practice. Focus may be placed on analyzing historical shifts in criminal justice thought and evaluating contemporary applications of rehabilitation, incapacitation, retribution, deterrence, and restorative justice. Emphasis may be given to connecting theory and practice to understand how purposes of punishment influence policy, professional decision-making, and long-term outcomes.

CJCB 3105. Emotional Self-Awareness for Criminal Justice Professionals. 1 Hour.

Students examine the role of emotional intelligence and self-awareness in sustaining professional effectiveness within criminal justice environments. Emphasis may be placed on analyzing emotional responses, evaluating strategies for self-regulation, and considering ways to align personal values with professional obligations. Attention may also be given to cultivating professional judgment, resilience, and sound decision-making in high-stress contexts.

CJCB 3106. Wellness Resources for Criminal Justice Professionals. 1 Hour.

Students examine organizational, community, and personal resources that promote wellness for criminal justice professionals. Focus may be placed on analyzing policies, evaluating barriers to help-seeking, and considering strategies for financial, physical, and mental well-being. Emphasis may be given to how professionals access and integrate wellness resources into long-term career practices.

CJCB 3107. Balanced Well-Being for Criminal Justice Professionals. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate resilience and well-being as essential to long-term professional sustainability in criminal justice. Students analyze theories of burnout and isolation, synthesize models of work–life integration, and interpret trauma-informed frameworks for maintaining personal and professional balance. Emphasis may be placed on generating reflective, evidence-based strategies that empower professionals to sustain effectiveness in high-stress environments.

CJCB 4083. ​Criminal Justice Career Development and Mentorship​. 1-12 Hours.

​This course is designed for current working professionals in a criminal justice field seeking structured professional development opportunities for career growth. Students engage in a minimum of three months of guided mentorship in their current criminal justice position under the supervision of an approved supervisor from their place of employment. See the College's Internship Coordinator for details about this program. Variable Credit (1 to 12).

CJCB 4100. Professional Discretion in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students analyze the complex use of discretion in correctional environments with emphasis on sustaining professional integrity. Focus may be placed on evaluating frameworks for defining and managing boundaries, differentiating strategies for impartial decision-making, and considering approaches that uphold civility and integrity in professional relationships.

CJCB 4101. Professional Growth and Adaptability in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate adaptive learning and continuous professional development as foundations for effective practice in corrections. They analyze strategies for navigating organizational change, synthesize continuous improvement methodologies, and design approaches for transferring knowledge across diverse professional contexts. Emphasis may be placed on cultivating adaptability, shaping individualized career trajectories, and sustaining long-term professional growth in dynamic correctional environments.

CJCB 4102. Examining Special Populations in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate special populations in correctional settings, with attention to the unique characteristics, challenges, and lived experiences of individuals under specialized supervision. Topics may include women, persons with disabilities, individuals with histories of intimate partner violence, those convicted of sex offenses, persons with substance use or behavioral health conditions, emerging adults, older adults, and individuals requiring high-intensity supervision.

CJCB 4103. Special Populations Management in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate strategies for managing specialized populations in correctional settings, including women, individuals with behavioral health needs, emerging and older adults, persons with disabilities, and those requiring high-intensity supervision. Emphasis may be placed on synthesizing individualized planning, accommodation coordination, and safety management to strengthen professional effectiveness while ensuring compliance with legal and organizational standards.

CJCB 4104. Special Populations Interventions in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students analyze intervention and programmatic strategies for specialized correctional populations, including women, individuals with behavioral health or substance use conditions, emerging and older adults, persons with disabilities, and those under high-intensity supervision. Emphasis may be placed on designing targeted programming, coordinating health and mental health services, preparing for reentry and employment, and evaluating program outcomes using evidence-based, trauma-informed approaches.

CJCB 4105. Professionalism and Accountability in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate professionalism and accountability in correctional practice, with attention to the development of professional identity, ethical foundations, and a commitment to public service. Emphasis may be placed on compliance with standards, systems of accountability, continuous improvement, and fostering public trust through effective and ethical leadership.

CJCB 4106. Effective Authority in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate the responsible exercise of authority and leadership in correctional organizations, considering role clarity, chain of command, and the ethical use of authority. Emphasis may be placed on recognizing risks of misconduct, abuse of power, and conflicts of interest while advancing ethical leadership, accountability, credibility, and trust to strengthen professional relationships and organizational integrity.

CJCB 4107. Professional Integrity & Compliance in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate legal compliance, risk management, and organizational integrity in correctional settings, with attention to how these practices safeguard both organizations and the public. Emphasis may be placed on analyzing policies and procedures for alignment with constitutional protections, examining grievance and appeals processes, and considering compliance frameworks that mitigate liability. Topics may include Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) requirements, due process protections, and decision-making practices that strengthen ethical and accountable correctional operations.

CJCB 4108. Correctional Rehabilitation and Reintegration. 1 Hour.

Students examine evidence-based approaches to rehabilitation and reintegration that reduce recidivism and support constructive adjustment in correctional settings. Emphasis may be placed on evaluating treatment models, analyzing interventions across incarceration and reentry, and assessing program effectiveness. Consideration is given to individuals preparing for release as well as those serving life, “virtual” life, or death sentences.

CJCB 4109. Assessments in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate assessment practices in correctional settings with attention to models that inform supervision, treatment, and rehabilitation planning. Emphasis may be placed on analyzing the risk–need–responsivity (RNR) framework, strengths-based approaches such as the Good Lives Model, and desistance-oriented practices. Students consider how validated instruments identify risk-related needs, protective factors, and individualized pathways for change.

CJCB 4110. Building Community Partnerships in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate and design strategies for forging community partnerships that strengthen correctional practice and promote public safety. Emphasis may be placed on critically analyzing restorative justice principles, synthesizing trust-building approaches, mapping stakeholder networks, and leveraging community assets. Students also investigate barriers to collaboration and generate innovative strategies for cultivating inclusive, sustainable relationships between correctional organizations and their communities.

CJCB 4111. Working with Community Partners in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students examine strategies for managing established correctional–community partnerships with an emphasis on sustaining collaboration and accountability. Focus may be placed on evaluating contracting processes, assessing partnership agreements, and considering systems that ensure program fidelity. Topics may include resource coordination, conflict resolution, and performance monitoring to enhance program effectiveness and support cross-organizational collaboration.

CJCB 4112. Sustaining Community Partnerships in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students explore strategies for sustaining long-term community partnerships that strengthen correctional practice and public safety. Focus may be placed on analyzing communication styles, evaluating relationship management techniques, and considering strategic frameworks for maintaining collaboration. Attention may be given to continuous improvement and adapting partnerships to meet evolving organizational and community needs.

CJCB 4113. Interpersonal Interactions in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate interpersonal interactions within correctional environments, with emphasis on professional relationships across internal and external groups. Focus may be placed on analyzing communication frameworks and navigating relationships with coworkers, administration, residents, families, external agencies, and the public. Topics may include boundary management, conflict of interest, and maintaining professionalism with community and media representatives.

CJCB 4114. Substance Use and Abuse Awareness in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students develop a foundational understanding of addiction and evidence-informed treatment approaches. Students evaluate substance use and abuse awareness in correctional contexts, with emphasis on evidence-informed treatment approaches and care models. Focus may be placed on understanding medication-assisted treatment and comparative harm reduction models, implementing trauma-informed care principles, and analyzing therapeutic community frameworks. Topics may include safe injection sites, recovery-oriented systems, and integrated treatment strategies for individuals in a correctional setting.

CJCB 4115. Mental Health Response in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate mental health issues, response, and intervention strategies in correctional environments, with emphasis on identifying and addressing varied mental health needs. Focus may be placed on recognizing suicidal ideation, distinguishing help-seeking from high-risk behaviors, and implementing trauma-informed care principles. Topics may include therapeutic community models, supporting individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities, navigating issues related to death, dying, and exposure to suicide, and applying interventions that promote safety and rehabilitation for individuals with mental illness in correctional settings.

CJCB 4116. Health Care Response in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate health care delivery in correctional environments, with emphasis on managing varied physical health conditions and complex medical needs. Focus may be placed on recognizing physical illnesses, responding to chronic disease management, supporting surgical recovery, and coordinating care individuals with disabilities and/or while they age, and placing focus on end-of-life care and managing death in custody, including the emotional and ethical considerations for staff and peers who witness loss. Topics may include physical disability accommodations, acuity level assessment, comorbidity management, and health care delivery in custodial settings.

CJCB 4117. Organizational Theory & Correctional Processes. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate organizational theory and correctional processes, with emphasis on organizational structure and strategic planning frameworks. Focus may be placed on analyzing performance improvement initiatives and implementing quality assurance systems in correctional environments. Topics may include organizational design principles, strategic goal development, and systematic approaches to enhancing operational effectiveness in correctional organizations.

CJCB 4118. Organizational Culture & Change in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate organizational culture and change processes in correctional environments, with emphasis on understanding organizational culture dynamics and facilitating cultural transformation. Focus may be placed on navigating organizational changes, building buy-in, and working toward cultural shifts toward empathy and wellness. Topics may include change management strategies, resistance mitigation, contingency management, and systematic approaches to cultural assessment and transformation in correctional institutions.

CJCB 4119. Sustainable Cultural Change in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate sustainable cultural change strategies in correctional environments, with emphasis on resource identification and financial planning. Focus may be placed on identifying external resources, assessing budget and financial impacts, and managing human resources during transformation initiatives. Topics may include resource allocation strategies, financial sustainability planning, and systematic approaches to securing and deploying resources for long-term cultural change in correctional settings.

CJCB 4130. Communication Strategies in Correctional Settings. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate practical and effective professional communication strategies used in correctional settings. Emphasis is placed on interpersonal skills, active listening, and non-confrontational approaches most effective in building trust and maintaining professional dialogue in high-stress environments. Tools such as how to apply de-escalation techniques, conducting motivational interviews, and conflict resolution frameworks are also presented. Topics may include negotiation, crisis communication, productive feedback with situational awareness of cultural and family dynamics, power-dynamics, non-verbal and verbal conveyance, and maintaining professional discourse in dynamic correctional settings.

CJCB 4131. Administration Communications in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students analyze and apply administrative communication practices essential to correctional operations, emphasizing professional report writing and documentation. The course explores how written communication influences courtroom proceedings, internal investigations, disciplinary actions, and appeals. Students examine the broader impact of documentation on correctional decision-making, accountability, and organizational integrity.

CJCB 4132. Risk Reduction in Correctional Settings. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate risk reduction strategies in correctional environments, with emphasis on experience-based prevention approaches and environmental design principles. Focus may be placed on identifying and mitigating risks related to self-harm, suicide, and staff assault while enhancing staff safety and situational awareness. Topics may include negotiation strategies, environmental risk control designs for prevention, and systematic approaches to reducing harm and promoting safety in correctional settings.

CJCB 4133. Situational Awareness in Correctional Settings. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate situational awareness competencies in correctional environments, emphasizing environmental scanning and recognition of behavioral and systemic threats. Focus may be placed on the application of situational crime prevention frameworks and critical assessment of institutional safety protocols. Topics may include proactive environmental assessment, threat identification, root cause analysis, and strategies for maintaining awareness in dynamic correctional settings.

CJCB 4134. Emergency Response and Recovery in Correctional Settings. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate emergency response and recovery in correctional settings, emphasizing contingency planning and business continuity. Focus may be placed on implementing recovery operations and conducting after-action analyses that drive organizational learning and improvement. Topics may include crisis management, continuity frameworks, infectious disease prevention, and responses to emergencies such as violence, power or water loss, natural disasters, staffing shortages, or foodborne illness to strengthen safety and preparedness.

CJCB 4135. Interpreting Evidence-Informed Research in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate evidence-based and evidence-informed research in correctional contexts, with emphasis on identifying reliable sources and assessing data quality. Focus may be placed on applying research evaluation criteria and interpreting empirical findings to inform professional practice. Topics may include research methodology fundamentals, data quality assessment, and systematic approaches to applying research to support criminal justice applications.

CJCB 4136. Data-Informed Practice in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate data-informed practice in correctional contexts, with emphasis on program development and evaluation frameworks. Focus may be placed on applying policy and procedure alignment strategies to enhance organizational effectiveness. Topics may include evidence-informed program design, systematic evaluation methods, and aligning institutional policies with best practices and operational goals.

CJCB 4137. Program Implementation in Corrections. 1 Hour.

Students evaluate evidence-based and evidence-informed practices in correctional program delivery, with emphasis on leveraging academic and practitioner partnerships and fostering evidence-informed and/or evidence-based practice. Focus may be placed on evaluating program effectiveness and applying research-to-practice frameworks. Topics may include collaborative program design, fidelity assessment, and systematic approaches to integrating academic research with practitioner expertise in correctional settings.

Director/Chair: Jason R Ingram

George Matthew Ackerman, PHD, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Capella University; JD, Nova Southeastern University; MS, Nova Southeastern University; MBA, Nova Southeastern University; BA, Florida-Atlantic U

Heather Ann Alaniz, PHD, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Texas Southern University; MA, Univ of Houston-Clear Lake; BS, Univ of Houston-Clear Lake

Mehmet Arican, PHD, Lecturer of Criminal Justice & Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of Leicester; MA, Univ of Leicester; BA, Univ of Istanbul

Andia B Azimi, PHD, Associate Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Georgia State University; MS, Georgia State University; BS, Georgia State University

Diana Villarreal Barfield, EDD, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, EDD, Abilene Christian University; MA, Abilene Christian University; BS, Mountain State University

Timothy Barnum, PHD, Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of Nebraska-Omaha; MA, Saint Ambrose; BA, Valparaiso University

Sean James Blinn, MA, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, MA, Penn State University; MS, Univ of Scranton; BA, The King's College; BA, The King's College; DCJ, California Un of Pa

Danielle Lynne Boisvert, PHD, Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology; Associate Dean, COCJ, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of Cincinnati; MFS, George Washington University; BS, University of Western Ontario

Mark A Bull, MS, Lecturer of Criminal Justice, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, MS, Sam Houston State University; BS, Sam Houston State University

Eric J Connolly, PHD, Associate Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Florida State University; MS, Univ of North Alabama; BA, West Virginia University

Jay O Coons, PHD, Assistant Professor of Practice of Criminal Justice, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Sam Houston State University; MS, Sam Houston State University; BS, Sam Houston State University

GM Cox, PHD, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of Texas-Arlington; MS, Sam Houston State University; BS, Sam Houston State University

Miltonette Olivia Craig, PHD, Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Florida State University; JD, Georgia State University; MS, Florida Int'L Univ; BA, Spelman College; BA, Spelman College

Jane C Daquin, PHD, Associate Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Georgia State University; MS, Georgia State University; BA, University of Albany, Suny; BA, University of Albany, Suny

Mark Vincent Denham, MS, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, MS, Sam Houston State University; BS, Univ of Southern Mississippi

Jeremy Tyler Dunman, JD, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, JD, South Texas College of Law; MS, Sam Houston State University; BS, Texas A&M University

Ashley Kay Fansher, PHD, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Sam Houston State University

Michael V Ferguson, MS, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, MS, Sam Houston State University; BA, Stephen F Austin University

Edward F Gallagher, JD, Assistant Professor of Practice for Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, JD, Villanova University; MA, Univ of St Thomas; BA, Indiana University; BA, Indiana University

Randall L Garner, PHD, Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology and Associate Dean, COCJ, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of Houston-Main; MA, Univ of Houston-Clear Lake; BS, Univ of Houston-Clear Lake

Jurg Gerber, PHD, Professor Emeritus of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Washington State University; MA, Washington State University; BA, Eastern Washington University

Amber Dawn Griffin, PHD, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Sam Houston State University; MS, Arizona State University; BA, Univ of Wisconsin-La Crosse; BA, Univ of Wisconsin-La Crosse

Elizabeth Noel Hartsell, PHD, Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of Florida; MA, Univ of Florida; BA, North Carolina State Univ

Shaina Marie Herman, PHD, Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, University of Albany, Suny; MA, University of Albany, Suny; BA, Indiana Univ of Pa

Susan Jeanette Hoppe, PHD, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Sam Houston State University; MA, Sam Houston State University; BSCJ, Sam Houston State University

Billy S Humphrey, MS, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, MS, Sam Houston State University; BS, Sam Houston State University

Lane A Hurst, MS, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, MS, Sam Houston State University; BSCJ, Sam Houston State University

Laura Theresa Iesue, PHD, Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of Miami; MA, New Mexico State University; BS, Ohio State University

Jason R Ingram, PHD, Professor and Chair of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Michigan State University; MA, Southern Illinois U-Carbondale; BA, Southern Illinois U-Carbondale

Soraya K Kawucha, PHD, Lecturer of Criminal Justice, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Sam Houston State University; MS, Univ of North Texas; BS, Univ of North Texas

Bit Na Kim, PHD, Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Sam Houston State University; MA, Chungbuk National University; BA, Chungbuk National University

Darla Renee King, MS, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, MS, Sam Houston State University; BA, Univ of North Texas

Alexander Boone Kinney, PHD, Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of Arizona; MA, Univ of Arizona; BA, Penn State University

Stuti Subbaiah Kokkalera, PHD, Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Northeastern University; LLM, Georgetown University; LLB, Gujarat University

Diana Oliphant Kukua, MS, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, MS, Sam Houston State University; BA, Sam Houston State University

Albert Bakarr Lansana, MS, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, MS, Univ of Detroit; MA, Univ of Detroit; BS, Eastern Michigan University

Wanda Edelis Leal, PHD, Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Florida State University; MS, Florida State University; BS, Florida State University

Heejin Lee, PHD, Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of Cincinnati; MS, Univ of Cincinnati; LLB, Korean National Police Univers

Peter Scott Lehmann, PHD, Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Florida State University; MS, Florida State University; BA, Furman University

Rector Bill Livingston, MS, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, MS, Sam Houston State University; BS, Texas A&M University

Kevin Paul Lunsford, MS, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, MS, Sam Houston State University; BS, Sam Houston State University

Phillip Mitchell Lyons, PHD, Professor of Security Studies; Dean, College of Criminal Justice, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of Nebraska-Lincoln; JD, Univ of Nebraska-Lincoln; MA, Univ of Nebraska-Lincoln; BS, Univ of Houston-Clear Lake

Melissa Lee Meltzer, PHD, Assistant Professor of Practice in Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of Pennsylvania; MPH, Univ of Tx Health Science Cntr; MA, Sam Houston State University; BS, Univ of Houston-Main

Holly A Miller, PHD, Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Florida State University; MA, Morehead State University; BA, Bethel College

Martin Morales, MCJ, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, MCJ, Tarleton State University; BAAS, Tarleton State University

Stephen Lee Morrison, PHD, Lecturer of Criminal Justice, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of Southern Mississippi; MA, Univ of Houston-Clear Lake; BS, Univ of Houston-Clear Lake

Benjamin Michael Muraida, MS, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, MS, Purdue University Global; BS, Purdue University Global

Chelsey Samara Narvey, PHD, Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of Texas At Dallas; BA, Concordia University

John Charles Navarro, PHD, Associate Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of Louisville; MS, Illinois State University; BS, Illinois State University

Brooke Elizatbeth Nodeland, PHD, Associate Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of Texas At Dallas; MS, Univ of North Texas; BS, Univ of North Texas

Michael Edwin Noyes, PHD, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Indiana University of Pennsyl; MA, Indiana University of Pennsyl; BA, Allegheny College

Willard M Oliver, PHD, Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, West Virginia University; MA, West Virginia University; MS, Radford University; BS, Radford University

Erin Anderson Orrick, PHD, Professor and Associate Dean of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of Texas At Dallas; MA, Univ of Maryland-College Park; BSCJ, Texas Christian University

Katherine Cabaniss Parsley, JD, Assistant Professor of Practice for Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, JD, Pepperdine Univ; BS, Pepperdine Univ

Rebecca Ann Price, MS, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, MS, Sam Houston State University; BS, Sam Houston State University

Javier Ramos, PHD, Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Florida State University; MS, Florida State University; BA, Univ of Texas At Austin

Ryan Wayne Randa, PHD, Associate Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of Cincinnati; MS, Univ of Cincinnati; BS, Univ of Wisconsin-Superior

Carl Allen Root, PHD, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of South Florida; MS, Eastern Kentucky University; BA, Eastern Kentucky University; BA, Eastern Kentucky University; BA, Eastern Kentucky University

Mitchel P Roth, PHD, Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of Calif-Santa Barbara; MA, Univ of Calif-Santa Barbara; BA, Univ of Maryland-College Park

Danielle Sheldon Rudes, PHD, Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of Calif-Irvine; MA, Univ of Calif-Irvine; MA, Univ of New Orleans; BA, Suny At Plattsburgh

Mark Christopher Saber, PHD, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of Texas At Dallas; MS, Univ of Texas At Dallas; MA, Univ of Texas-Arlington; BA, Univ of Texas-Arlington

Andrea Sanchez, MSW, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, MSW, Univ of Houston-Main; BA, Univ of Texas At Austin

Bennie Lee Schiro, JD, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, JD, Oklahoma City Univ; BSCJ, Sam Houston State University

Paul Bradley Smithers, MS, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, MS, Sam Houston State University; BS, Univ of Houston-Downtown

David Leon Tumlinson, MS, Lecturer of Criminal Justice & Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, MS, Sam Houston State University; BA, St Mary's University

Michael Scott Vaughn, PHD, Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Sam Houston State University; MS, University of Central Missouri; BS, University of Central Missouri

Sergio A Velasquez, MED, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, MED, Univ of Texas-Brownsville; BS, Univ of Texas-Brownsville; BS, Univ of Texas-Brownsville

Thomas Ray Warren, MS, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, MS, Sam Houston State University; BS, Sam Houston State University

Rita J Watkins, EDD, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, EDD, Sam Houston State University; MA, Sam Houston State University; MPA, Texas A&M University; BS, Sam Houston State University

Laura Marlise Weaver, MA, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, MA, Univ of Texas-Arlington; BA, Univ of Texas-Arlington

William M Wells, PHD, Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Univ of Nebraska-Omaha; MA, Indiana University-Bloomington; BA, Ohio University

Brent Young Wilson, MS, Lecturer of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, MS, Sam Houston State University; BS, Sam Houston State University

Russell Lee Young, PHD, Assistant Professor of Practice of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Sam Houston State University; MS, Arkansas Tech University; MA, Sam Houston State University; BS, Sam Houston State University

Yan Zhang, PHD, Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Michigan State University; MS, Michigan State University; MS, Michigan State University; BS, Wuhan University

Jihong Zhao, PHD, Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, PHD, Washington State University; MA, Washington State University; BA, Shanghai Inst of Higher Edu